Complications of Pregnancy
Complications During Pregnancy
Bell's Palsy
 This condition involves
a sudden onset of painless loss of facial muscle function. Lowering the eyebrows, closing the eye or pursing
the lips is not possible. Patients may also experience a loss of taste in the anterior 2/3rd's of the tongue
as well as pain posterior to the ear. While this condition has currently no known cause, many believe that
vertebral subluxations are at least partly responsible.
Bell's palsy is 3 times more common in the pregnant women. Hormonal changes increasing water retention,
grimacing during labor and delivery, as well as ligamentous laxity are primarily responsible. In the typical
presentation, the woman awakes with a painless inability to operate the facial muscles on one side of the face.
This typically occurs during the 3rd trimester. The condition tends to improve over the course of many weeks to
months, depending on it's severity. Many studies have shown favorable results with chiropractic care.
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Brachial Neuralgia
A large collection of
nerves, the brachial plexus, from the cervical spine descend into each arm to provide sensory and motor
innervation. Again, due to increases in hormonal factors, parts of the nerve plexus may become impinged or
irritated. This results in radiating arm pain and may also be associated with neck pain or stiffness.
Restoring cervical biomechanics and eliminating cervical subluxations is performed by the chiropractor to
eliminate cervical stress and radicular symptoms.
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Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is
occurring earlier and earlier in women. Breast cancer occurs in approximately 1 out of every 3,000
pregnancies. It's important to have a breast examination prior to pregnancy or early on in the pregnancy to
check for its presence and establish a baseline if present.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome,
commonly associated with repetitive wrist movements, is also increased during pregnancy. This is because of
hormonal changes which increases water retention, leading to increased pressure on the median nerve as it
passes through the 'carpal tunnel' in the wrist, hence the name. Symptoms include numbness and tingling of the
hand and fingers as well as achiness in the forearm and neck. Chiropractic adjustments applied to the cervical
and wrist regions can help eliminate inflammation and quicken resolution. Additionally, vitamin B6 supplements
have been shown to assist in eliminating the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Coccydynia
This condition simply
refers to a painful coccyx. The coccyx bone is located on the end of your sacrum or tailbone and can become
irritated and painful in pregnancy. This is especially evident in the final trimester due to the position of
the baby and the lack of room for the baby to maneuver. Manual adjustment of the coccyx is often required and
can be safely and successfully performed by the chiropractor.
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Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy
occurs when implantation and subsequent development of a fertilized ovum is outside the uterus. This most
commonly occurs in a fallopian tube. As the embryo develops the fallopian tube is unable to expand like the
uterus and can eventually rupture. Symptoms include cramp-like or stabbing pain in the lower abdomen. In 75%
of the women vaginal bleeding will occur. This is a serious condition as acute internal hemorrhaging may occur
leading to possible death.
Certain factors can increase the likelihood of ectopic pregnancies including:
- prior IUD use
- prior pelvic or tubal infection (certain STD's)
- tubal abnormalities
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Headaches
Most headaches
experienced during pregnancy are muscle tension headaches. These headaches are soft tissue and biomechanical
in nature and respond excellent to chiropractic care. Fortunately for migraine headache sufferers, migraines
are rare during pregnancy as hormones released counteract the processes involved that normally cause
migraines.
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Intercostal Neuralgia
Hormonal changes during
pregnancy lead to the relaxation of ligaments and joint capsule which include the joints of the ribs.
Additionally, increased weight gain increases the pressure on the rib cage. These two factors lead to
increased rib subluxations and increased in intercostal nerve irritation. Chiropractors adjust the rib heads
to alleviate nerve irritation and restore normal positioning of the rib heads.
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Meralgia Paresthetica
This condition is a
result of pressure on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve which provides sensation to the skin of the upper
lateral thigh. Increased abdominal weight and pressure as well as an increased lumbar curvature tend to place
additional pressure in the area of the nerve which leads to pain, numbness and tingling in the area of the
lateral upper thigh. Chiropractors commonly treat this condition successfully.
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Sciatic Neuralgia
This common condition
is a result of increased pressure on the large collection of nerves in the lower back. Symptoms include back
pain with symptoms of pain, numbness and/or tingling radiating down the buttock and leg(s). There are also
other causes of this condition which include sacroiliac joint dysfunction, lumbar disc syndrome, lumbar facet
joint irritation, and vertebral subluxations. Chiropractic care is especially effective in treating sciatic
neuralgia as the treatment directly addresses the cause.
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Teratology of Drugs and other Substances
It's vital that all
women who believe they may be pregnant or who are pregnant be 100% sure not to consume any drugs which may
lead to birth defects or complications. It is estimated that 2-3% of all birth defects are drug-induced. One
problem is damage to the embryo can occur early on prior to the woman knowing she is even pregnant. Vital
systems such as the heart and nervous system develop in the embryo weeks after conception and are extremely
susceptible to toxins such as drugs and alcohol.
Some common substances and drugs that can produce adverse effects on the growing embryo/fetus include:
- Artificial Sweetener - Aspartame
- Caffeine
- Aspirin
- Smoking
- Antihistamines
- Antibiotics
- Recreational Drugs (marijuana, cocaine, etc.)
- Antidepressant Drugs
- Antiepileptic Drugs
- Acne Drugs - accutane
- Cardiovascular Drugs
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Toxemia of Pregnancy - Eclampsia
This fatal condition
can develop in the 2nd half of pregnancy and has no known etiology, although some believe it results from poor
nutrition. In the early stages (pre-eclampsia) signs include high blood pressure (hypertension), protein in
the urine (proteinuria), and excessive edema (not always present). If eclampsia develops, the following may
develop:
- epilepsy
- subarachnoid/cerebral hemorrhage
- preexisting brain tumors may fulminate
- uremia
- liver failure
- placental necrosis
- glomerular (kidney) and tubal necrosis
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Complications During Birthing Process
Insufficient Power
Sufficient power and
coordinated contractions are essential for a smooth uncomplicated labor. When the power of the contractions
are weak or the pattern of contractions disorganized, the mother is more likely to become exhausted. This can
cause fetal distress resulting in fetal harm and/or c-section. The following are causes of insufficient power
or improper contractions:
- disordered uterine action
- colicky uterus
- constriction ring - Bandl's ring
- rigid cervix
- edematous cervix
- annular detachment
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Passage Obstruction
Passage way
obstructions (pelvic, uterine, cervix, etc.) can complicate the birthing process. These include:
- tumors
- cysts
- fractures
- subluxations
- flat male-like pelvis (android)
- physiological changes (degenerative joint disease, tuberculosis, rickets, osteomalacia)
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Baby Malpositions
Malpositioning of the
fetus can lead to abnormal birth presentations. Some of the more common malpositioned birth presentations
include:
Upside Down Presentation - This
presentation occurs in approximately 13% of births and involves a presentation where the baby presents in an
"upside down" or "sunny side up" position. If the baby does not turn to the proper position or turns late, the
newborn will generally develop "cone head". This position also produces what is known as "back labor". This can be
significantly reduced in women who receive regular chiropractic care during their pregnancy.
Breech Presentation - In a
breech presentation, the feet or buttock present first as opposed to the head. This presentation occurs in about 1
out of every 40 births. Possible complications can be serious and include:
- intracranial bleeding
- neck dislocation
- shoulder dislocation
- hip dislocation
- clavicle fracture
- internal organ disruption
- genital edema
- premature placental rupture
- prolapsed cord
- uterine rupture
Face Presentation - Face
presentation occurs approximately every 3,000 births. In this presentation, the baby presents face first with the
neck in extension. Causes include a lax uterus, flat pelvis, multiple fetus, anencephaly, or neck spasms of the
fetus. This is stressful on the cervical spine and usually results in a cervical subluxation in the newborn.
Chiropractic care by a chiropractor trained in adjusting newborns is crucial for the continued proper growth of the
spine.
Shoulder Presentation - The
shoulder presentation occurs in every 200-300 births and involves a "shoulder first" delivery. The causes
include:
- twin birth
- hydramnios - excess of amniotic fluid
- placenta praevia - part of the uterus presents before the fetus due to placental malposition
- multiparity - a women who has had 3 or more children
- sub-septae uterus
- unusual fetal shape
- undue mobility of the pelvis
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Forceps Delivery
In the event there is
fetal or mother distress, or the labor is not going as planned, forceps assistance may be used. As forceps can
cause a number of problems, forceps should only be used in absolutely necessary situations. The following
injuries can result from improper/inappropriate forceps use:
- skull fractures
- birth marks
- doctor-induced torticollis
- brachial plexus damage
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Cesarean Section
Although c-sections
were becoming very popular a short while back, experts now recommend avoiding this procedure unless the mother
or fetus are in extreme distress. This is due to the invasiveness of the procedure and unnecessary stresses
placed on the baby. The indications for cesareans are:
- placenta praevia - part of the uterus presents before the fetus due to placental malposition
- fetal distress
- maternal distress
- failure for labor to progress
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